მშვიდობის კორპუსის დაარსება

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Corps

 ყველაზე დასამახსოვრებელი სიახლე, რაც კენედის ადმინისტრაციამ 1961 წელს განახორციელა, იყო მშვიდობის კორპუსის შექმნა. იგი განასახიერებს უდიდესი და უპირველესი პრობლემის მოგვარების მცდელობას, ასევე, ამერიკელი ხალხის მზაობას, "კაცობრიობის პროგრესს მიუძღვნან საკუთარი დრო, ძალა და პირადი მისწრაფებები".   

gansakuTrebuli mimarTva kongress mSvidobis korpusis Seqmnis Sesaxeb,

1. marti 1961

  

kongresis winaSe Semomaqvs winadadeba, Seiqmnas mudmivmoqmedi mSvidobis korpusi, rezervi sruli profesiuli ganaTlebis mqone amerikeli qalebisa da mamakacebisagan, romlebic SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis, an kerZo organizaciebisa Tu institutebis davalebiT gaigzavnebian ucxoeTSi, raTa daexmaron sxva qveynebs kvalificiuri specialistebis deficitis umwvavesi problemis gadaWraSi...

msoflios yvela kuTxeSi ibrZvian Svilebi axalgazrda erebisa, romlebic swored axla daadgnen ganviTarebis gzas, raTa ganaxorcielon socialuri da ekonomikuri miznebi, romlebiskenac aris mimarTuli maTi mtkice neba. Cveni Tavisufleba da Tavisuflebis momavali mTels msoflioSi mtkiced aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan... da kiTxvasTan, arian Tu ara ganviTarebadi qveynebi mzad, Seqmnan ayvavebuli da damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi, sadac maT xalxs, gaTavisuflebuls SimSilis, gaurkvevlobisa da siRatakis borkilebisagan, eqneba Rirseuli cxovrebis saSualeba.

erT-erTi udidesi dabrkoleba, rac am mizans win eRobeba, aris naswavli adamianebis deficiti, romelTac ZaluZT axalgazrdebisaTvis ganaTlebis micema da ganviTarebis programebis ganxorcielebis xelSewyoba - aqvT unari, moagvaron swrafad mzardi ekonomikebis problemebi da mowodebulni arian, gamoiyenon es unarebi mravali gaWirvebuli qveynis dasaxmareblad maT soflebSi, mTebSi, qalaqebsa da fabrikebSi.

ekonomikis ganviTarebis uZnelesi amocana moiTxovs procesebSi profesiuli kadrebis saswrafo CarTvas, romlebic ganaxorcieleben sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo aucilebel samuSaoebs: skolebis maswavleblebad, samSeneblo da sawarmoo saSualebebis specialistebad, soflad Tanamedrove higienuri saSualebebis gzamkvlevebad da kidev mravali sxva amocanis Sesasruleblad, romlebic maRali donis codnasa da profesiul momzadebas moiTxoven.

kvalificiuri kadrebis saswrafo da aucilebeli saWiroebidan gamomdinare, Semogvaqvs winadadeba, Seiqmnas mSvidobis korpusi, organizacia, romelic imuSavebs amerikel moxaliseTa mozidvasa da momzadebaze da maT wargzavnaze ucxoeTSi, sadac isini sxva erovnebis adamianebTTan erTad imuSaveben.

es organizacia gansxvavebuli iqneba ukve arsebuli sagareo daxmarebis samsaxurisagan, radgan misi wevrebi teqnikuri mrCevlebis saqmianobas Seavseben imiT, rom ganviTarebad qveynebs gauziareben sakuTar profesiul codnas mrCevelTa mier rekomendirebuli RonisZiebebis praqtikaSi danergvis saqmeSi. isini daexmarebian im profesionali kadrebis momzadebaSi, romlebic dasWirdebaT maspinZeli qveynebis mTavrobebs dagegmili proeqtebis ganxorcielebisaTvis, Tavadac miiReben muSaobaSi monawileobas da sakuTar saqmes udidesi pasuxismgeblobiT unda moekidon. ar unda gvqondes aranairi eWvi imis, rom maTi ricxvi, vinc am samsaxurSi xalisiT wava, Cvens SesaZlo vakansiebis raodenobaze Zalzed didi iqneba...

rac gansakuTrebiT sasixaruloa: es winadadeba, misi gancxadebis Semdeg, studentobis, profesiuli kavSirebisa da kerZo moqalaqeebis mier didi mowonebiT iqna miRebuli Cveni qveynis yvela kuTxeSi _ myari mtkicebuleba imisa, rom qveyanaSi aris msxverplis gaRebis mzadyofnis mqone adamianebis udidesi rezervi, romlebic mzad arian, kacobriobis progress miuZRvnan sakuTari dro, Zala da piradi miswrafebebi.

zogierTi specifiuri amocanebi, romlebzec mSvidobis korpusis wevrebs SeuZliaT erToblivad imuSaon, aris: mecadineobebi skolebis dawyebiT da ufros klasebSi, gansakuTrebiT inglisuri enis saswavlo-meToduri gegmebis CarCoebSi zogierT qveynebSi; malariis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi monawileoba mTels msoflioSi; janmrTelobis dacvisa da higienis sferoebis gasaumjobeseblad mimarTuli erovnuli proeqtebis momzadebasa da ganxorcielebaSi xelSewyoba; soflis Temebis xelSewyoba skolebis aSenebiT da sxva proeqtebiT; soflis meurneobaSi produqtiulobis gazrda adgilobrivi glexebisaTvis Tanamedrove xelsawyoebis gamoyenebisaTvis saWiro praqtikuli codnis gaziarebisa da axali agraruli meTodebis danergvis gziT. yvela am programaSi mTavari aqcenti dasawyisisaTvis codnis micemaze iqneba gakeTebuli ...

mSvidobis korpusis mosamsaxureebis wre ar iqneba mxolod axalgazrdebiT an Cveni umaRlesi saswavleblebis kursdamTavrebulebiT SemosazRvruli. es kari Ria iqneba yvela Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis mqone amerikelisaTvis, romelic am samsaxurSi muSaobis survils gamoTqvams. Tumca eWvsgareSea, rom korpusi pirvel rigSi im axalgazrda amerikelebs Semoikrebs, romelTac profesiuli ganaTleba eqnebaT miRebuli.

radgan kerZo kavSirebisa da institutebis siZliere da mravalferovneba aris Tavisufali sazogadoebis udidesi macocxlebeli wyaro, Cveni mSvidobis korpusis programebis didi nawilis ganxorcieleba am jgufebs eqneba mindobili; federaluri mTavroba maT amaSi finansurad daexmareba.

mSvidobis korpusis wevrebi ganviTarebad qveynebSi Semdegi gzebiT ganawildebian:

1. moxaliseTa kerZo organizaciebis saSualebiT, romlebic saerTaSoriso daxmarebebis programebs axorcieleben;

2. kolejebisa da universitetebis gacvliTi programebiT;

3. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis daxmarebebis programebiT;                               

4. SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis daxmarebebis programebiT;              

5. mSvidobis korpusis mier SemuSavebuli, axali, sakuTari proeqtebiT...

mSvidobis korpusis wevrebi yvela SemTxvevaSi iseT qveynebSi iqnebian wargzavnili, sadac maTi samsaxuri da profesiuli codna saWiro da sasurveli iqneba...

mSvidobis korpusSi muSaobis vada gansxvavebuli iqneba proeqtis mimarTulebisa da qveynebis mixedviT. zogadad is or-sam weliwads Seadgens. mSvidobis korpusis wevrebs xSirad mouwevT iseT pirobebSi muSaoba, romelic maTgan maRal fizikur SesaZleblobebs moiTxovs. maT mouwevT ganviTarebadi qveynebis moqalaqeebTan erTad primitiul pirobebSi cxovreba. raRa Tqma unda, es iqneba mSvidobis korpusis wevrisaTvis didi finansuri Sewirvac. maT ar eqnebaT xelfasi, amis sanacvlod isini miiReben danamats saarsebo Tanxebze, rac sakmarisi iqneba mxolod maTi yvelaze aucilebeli saWiroebis dasakmayofileblad da janmrTelobis misaxedad. Zalzed mniSvnelovania, rom mSvidobis korpusis qalebi da mamakacebi im xalxTan erTad cxovrobdnen, vis dasaxmarebladac midian. samuSao vadis amowurvis Semdeg isini miiReben mcire Tanxas, kompensacias, romelic muSaobis xangrZlivobis mixedviT iqneba gaangariSebuli da daexmareba maT SeerTebul StatebSi dabrunebis pirvel kvirebSi. samxedro savaldebulo samsaxurisagan gaTavisufleba aranairad ar aris dakavSirebuli mSvidobis korpusSi nebayoflobiT samsaxurTan...

aq Cven vsaubrobT amerikis mSvidobis korpusis Sesaxeb, Tumca sakiTxi ise ar unda iqnas gagebuli, TiTqos CamorCenili qveynebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis msoflio problema warmoadgendes mxolod amerikis problemas. amitom neba mogveciT imedi viqonioT, rom sxva qveynebic gamoTqvamen TanamSromlobis survils, raTa moaxdinon mSvidobis korpusis msgavsad sakuTari moqalaqeebis energiisa da unarebis raime formiT CarTvis mobilizireba, rom Cveni iniciativa mxolod erTi nabijia kidev ufro didi internacionaluri aqciis CarCoebSi, romelic miznad isaxavs, daexmaros yvela adamians ukeTesi cxovrebis miRwevaSi da xeli Seuwyos xalxTa Soris urTierTgagebas.

 Tavdapirvelad, mSvidobis korpusi prezidentis 1961 wlis 1. martis gankargulebis safuZvelze Seiqmna droebiTi saxelisuflebo struqturis saxiT. amave dRis sagangebo mimarTva kongresisadmi, romelic aq SemoklebiT aris warmodgenili, moicavs prezidentis rekomendaciebsa da rCevebs kongresis sakanonmdeblo aqtis gamosacemad, romlis mixedviTac mSvidobis korpusi mudmivmoqmed organizaciad gadaiqceva.

moxaliseTa SerCeva da momzadeba gegmazomierad viTardeboda. amave dros daiwyo kongresma gamosacem kanonze muSaoba. seqtembramde moxda misi miReba da misi ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro Tanxebis damtkiceba. momzadebulTa pirveli jgufebi ukve gaudgnen gzas, ganaSi pedagogiuri saqmianobisaTvis da tanganikis mimdebare teritoriebze geodeziuri samuSaoebis Casatareblad.

mSvidobis korpusisaTvis 3,9 miliardi dolaris gamoyofis Sesaxeb kanoni iyo kongresis mier gamocemuli erT-erTi bolo sakanonmdeblo aqti 1962 wlis axal arCevnebamde. kongresma manamdec daamtkica sagareo daxmarebebis programis umetesi nawili,  saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis amocanebisaTvis axali samTavrobo struqturis Seqmnis CaTvliT. man ar daamtkica prezidentis mier SeTavazebuli rekomendacia ganviTarebisaTvis daxmarebebis xangrZlivi finansirebis daSvebis Taobaze.

29. იანვარი, 1961

State of the Union

პირველი მოხსენება პრეზიდენტის რანგში კონგრესის წინაშე შეერთებული შტატების მდგომარეობის შესახებ

moxaruli var, rom movedi parlamentSi, sadac Tavadac vmuSaobdi. vaSingtonSi Tqven xarT Cemi yvelaze didi xnis megobrebi da es maRali Senobac CemTvis ukve didi xania, rac gaxda mSobliuri adgili. ToTxmeti wlis win davde aq pirvelad fici, rom vemsaxurebodi Cvens kavSirs. ToTxmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi viZendi codnas da viRebdi rCevebs: orive partiisa da kongresis orive palatis wevrTagan, maTi gonieri da SorsmWvreteli fraqciebis xelmZRvanelebisagan, aseve mimarTvebidan da ganmartebebidan kongresisadmi. keTilad vixseneb Tu rogor vijeqi iq, sadac Tqven zixarT da vismendi; vixseneb: rogor warmoadgenda TavianT programebs ori didi prezidenti, CerCilis brwyinvale oratorobas, nerus uzomo idealizms, general de golis mtkice sityvebs. amave istoriuli podiumidan saubari CemTvis didi pativia. bednieri var, rom kvlav momeca amden megobarTan Sexvedris SesaZlebloba.

mtkiced mwams, rom es megobruli urTierTobebi momavalSi kidev ufro gamyardeba. Cveni konstituciiT gansazRvrulia yvela saxelmwifo organos erToblivi Tu calkeuli uflebamosilebebi da prezidenti da kongresi, romlebic erTmaneTs pativs scemen, ar moiTmenen da arc ecdebian konstituciuri partniorobis uflebebis borotad gamoyenebas. Cemis mxriv, kongressac da xalxsac yovelTvis warvudgen warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis sakiTxebze im faqtebsa Tu moxsenebebs, romelTa codnac Cveni RonisZiebebisa da riskebis saqmiani ganxilvisaTvis iqneba saWiro. me ar davtvirTav kongress aRmasrulebeli gadawyvetilebebis miRebiT da ar avarideb Tavs Cems movaleobebs imisaTvis, rom avicilo pasuxismgebloba msgavsi gadawyvetilebebis Sedegebze.

me vlaparakob dRes, Cveni xalxisaTvis safrTxiansa da imedian droSi. jer kidev Cemi prezidentobis vadis amowurvamde mogviwevs imis damtkiceba, SeuZlia Tu ara gadarCena ers, romelic isea organizebuli da ise imarTeba, rogorc Cveni. zusti gamosavali napovni araa. gzebi, romlebic Cven unda gaviaroT,  ar aris naTeli. yvelani – administracia, kongresi da eri – valdebulebi varT, rom erTad veZeboT es gzebi.

dRes, Cemi Tanamdebobaze yofnis erT kviraze odnav meti xnis Semdeg, rom warmomedgina kongresisaTvis dasamtkiceblad detaluri programa, romelic Cveni saxelmwifo sistemis xarvezebis aRmofxvras Seexeba, kongresi samarTlianad mkiTxavda, xom ar gadaswia ukan swrafad moqmedebis survilma is aucilebeli grZnoba, romelsac sakiTxisadmi pasuxismgeblobiT midgoma hqvia.

amitom, Cemi SeniSvnebi SemosazRvruli, magram samarTliani iqneba. faqtebis naTlad warmodgena ar niSnavs momavlisken eWviT yurebas an warsulze wuwuns. mzrunveli memkvidre guldasmiT aRwers miRebul memkvidreobas da keTilsindisierad warudgens angariSs yvelas, vis winaSec igi angariSvaldebulia, rogorc maTi ndobiT aRWurvili piri. miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes ar aris imis saWiroeba, kidev erTxel CamovTvaloT Cveni qoneba da aqtivebi, unda iTqvas: Cveni yvelaze didi qoneba aris Tavisufali da Tavdajerebuli xalxis mzadyofna, mis mier sazogadoebriv Tanamdebobebze arCeulebis daxmarebiT Tamamad moagvaros yvela problema da Tavi daaRwios yvela safrTxes panikisa da SiSis gareSe.

I

qveynis ekonomikis amJamindeli mdgomareoba SemaSfoTebelia. Cven gadavibareT xelisufleba SvidTviani recesiis, samnaxevari wlis uZraobis, ekonomikuri zrdis maCveneblis Svidwliani ukusvlisa da soflis meurneobis produqciis raodenobis cxrawliani Semcirebis Semdeg.

didi depresiis Semdgom ar miuRwevia aseTi simaRlisaTvis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi gadaxdis uunarobas. 1951 welTan SedarebiT Cveni fermerebis Semosavlebma 25 procentiT iklo. 1958 wlis mokle periodis garda, dazRveul umuSevarTa raodenoba ar yofila ase didi Cveni qveynis mTeli istoriis manZilze. 5,5 milioni umuSevari amerikelidan milionze meti ukve oTx Tveze metia eZebs samuSaos da yovelTviurad zustad 150 000 dauzRveveli umuSevari kargavs Tavis isedac mcire Semweobis fuls.

umuSevarTa TiTqmis mervedi uimedod cxovrobs zustad as gaWirvebulsa da krizisul regionSi. danarCenebi arian skolebidan daTxovnilebi, romlebsac TavianTi unaris gamoyenebis aranairi SesaZlebloba ar gaaCniaT, fermerebi, romlebic iZulebulni gaxdnen mietovebinaT saqmianoba, romliTac isini TavianTi ojaxis biujets avsebdnen, agreTve kvalificiuri Tu arakvalificiuri muSakebi, romlebic daiTxoves iseTi mniSvnelovani dargebis sawarmoebidan, rogorebic aris: metalurgia, manqanaTmSenebloba, saavtomobilo da samkervalo industria.

1958 wlis recesiis Semdeg jer kidev ver moviTqviT bolomde suli. ver mivaRwieT Cvens mier warmoebuli produqciis raodenobis Zvel simaRleebs, umuSevrobis donis dawevas normalur zRvramde, Cveni industriuli potencialis maqsimalur simZlavreebs.

mTels amerikaSi vawydebiT ekonomikur siZneleebs. bunebrivi resursebiT msoflioSi erT-erTi umdidresi industriuli regioni ekonomikuri zrdis maCvenebliT erT-erT bolo adgilzea. es maCvenebeli gasuli wlis dasawyisTan SedarebiT kidev ufro daeca. samrewvelo investiciebi mcirdeba. Semosavlebi dagegmilze cotaa. iklebs mSeneblobebis moculoba. sawyobebSi inaxeba erTi milioni gauyidavi avtomobili. dasaqmebuli xalxis raodenoba naklebia, saSualo samuSao kvira ki ormoc saaTze mcirea. fasebma moimata da amrigad, amerikelTa umravlesobas naklebi Tanxis daxarjvis saSualeba aqvs im saqonelis SesaZenad, romlis gasayidma fasmac moimata.

ekonomikuri prognozebi ukeTes SemTxvevaSi aramyaria, maTi mtkicebiT, rogorc swored am podiumidan erTi wlis win iTqva: 1960 weli unda yofiliyo – citirebas vaxden – “Cvens istoriaSi udidesi ayvavebis weli”. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, sagangaSoa prognozistTa erTsulovneba 1961 da 1962 wlebSi ekonomikuri uZraobis gagrZlebasa da umuSvarTa umniSvnelod Semcirebis Sesaxeb, magram Cvens administracias ar surs umweo mayureblis rolSi yofna. 

Cvens Tavs ver mivcemT imis uflebas, rom samuSao saaTebi uqmad vflangoT, sawarmoebi gavaCeroT da ase velodoT recesiis damTavrebas. valdebulni varT msoflios vaCvenoT, Tu ras SeuZlia miaRwios Tavisufalma ekonomikam. unda SevamciroT umuSevroba, avamuSavoT gamouyenebeli simZlavreebi, axali suli STavberoT produqtiulobas da gaazrebuli finansuri politikisa da fasTa stabilurobis gonivrul CarCoebSi moqceviT mivaRwioT ekonomikuri zrdis maCveneblis mZlavr matebas.

me msurs kongress or kviraSi warmovudgino winadadebebi RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb, imisaTvis, raTa droebiT gavagrZeloT umuSevarTa Semweobebis gadaxdis vadebi dausaqmebelTa ojaxebis ufro meti pirveladi moxmarebis saqoneliT uzrunvelvyofisa da maTi gaWirvebuli bavSvebis daxmarebis mizniT; rom mivceT biZgi ekonomikis ganviTarebas Cvens im regionebSi, romlebic muSaxelis qronikul siWarbes ganicdian; raTa dasaqmebis samsaxurebi ufro energiulad amuSavdnen; rom yovelmxriv wavaxalisoT sacxovrebeli saxlebisa da yvelanairi sxva samSeneblo saqmianoba; raTa minimaluri saxelfaso zRvris aweviT gavzardoT Cveni yvelaze dabali anazRaurebis mqone mSromelebis msyidvelunarianoba; rom SevqmnaT jansaRi, sawarmoo investiciebisaTvis xelsayreli sagadasaxado pirobebi; raTa xeli SevuwyoT bunebrivi resursebis aTvisebas; rom vizrunoT fasebis maqsimalur stabilurobaze, vimuSaoT ekonomikis swrafi gajansaRebis Semdgom nabijebze da movamzadoT gza, romelic Cvens warmoebas momavalSic aRmavlobisaken waiyvans. es ar aris programa, romelic Cveni ekonomikuri cxovrebis sisusteebs partiul-politikuri mizniT wamowevs wina planze; Cemis Rrma rwmeniT, es ufro aris mTeli erisaTvis saWiro programa, romlis saSualebiTac Cveni erovnuli siZliere unda iqnas realizebuli.

II

yovlismomcveli ekonomikuri eqspansia sakuTar qveyanaSi, rac waaxalisebs axali sawarmoebis dafuZnebasa da mowinave teqnologiebis danergvas da Cvens mier warmoebul produqcias konkurentunarians gaxdis, aris “sagareo savaWro balansis” problemis gasaRebic. davakvirdeT am rTul problemas swori mxridan, yovelgvari damamZimebeli sityvebisa da panikis gareSe.

marTalia, rom sxvaoba Cvens mier ucxoeTSi gatanil an investirebul da Cvens qveyanaSi Semodinebuli kapitalis maCveneblebs Soris 1958 wlis Semdeg SesamCnevad gaizarda. Cveni savaWro balansis es saerTo deficiti bolo sam weliwadSi 11 miliardi dolariT gaizarda, xolo dolarebSi arsebuli aqtivebi ucxoeTSi Sesabamisad oqroze gadacvales, ramac Cveni oqros sarezervo maragidan 5 miliardi dolaris gadineba gamoiwvia. 1959 wlis deficiti umetesad ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom Cvenma saeqsporto saqonelma ver daimkvidra adgili saerTaSoriso bazarze, amerikuli saqonelis Setanaze iq arsebuli SezRudvebisa Tu maRali fasebis gamo. meore mxriv, 1960 wlis deficiti umetesad ganapiroba ucxoeTSi axali kapitaldabandebebis, ufro maRali procentebisa Tu spekulaciuri upiratesobis Ziebis mizniT kerZo amerikuli kapitalis gadinebam.

amave dros, Cvenma qveyanam Zalzed didi wvlili gaiRo dasavleTis militaristuli valdebulebebis sferosa da ucxo qveynebis daxmarebis saqmeSi. arsebuli politikuri situaciis pirobebSi 1961 wlisTvis mosalodnelia 2 miliardi dolaris deficiti, amitom zogierTebi im qveynebSi, romelTa savaluto angariSebi dolarebSi amerikuli mxridan aseTi deficitis gamo gaumjobesebas saWiroeben, ukve xmamaRla kiTxuloben, Seesabameba Tu ara Cvens valdebulebebs Cveni oqros rezervebi.

es yvelaferi damafiqrebelia, magram panikis safuZvels ar iZleva, radgan Cveni monetaruli da finansuri poziciebi jer kidev gansakuTrebulad Zlieri rCeba. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondSi Cveni xmis uflebisa da oqros maragis CaTvliT, rac Cveni fulis kursis gamyarebisTvisaa gankuTvnili, agreTve, federaluri sarezervo sistemis depozitebiT, Cvens gankargulebaSia zustad 22 miliardi dolari oqros rezervebisa da sxva savaluto angariSebis saxiT da pirobas gaZlevT, rom isini saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mTeli ZaliT iqnebian gamoyenebuli dolaris gaufasurebis Tavidan asacileblad.

amas garda Cven vinarCunebT did qonebas ucxoeTSi – saerTo davalianeba Cveni qveynisadmi didad aWarbebs Cveni rezervebisadmi moTxovnilebas – da eqsportis maCvenebelic importisaze SesamCnevad metia.

mokle xanSi, Cven valdebulni ara varT da arc gadavdgavT iseT nabijebs, rom oqros fasma gadaaWarbos erT unciaze 35 dolarian zRvars. amisaTvis saWiroa SemoviRoT savaluto kontroli, SevasustoT Cveni mcdelobebi koniunqturis gamosacocxleblad, davubrundeT SezRudul savaWro politikas an gadavxedoT Cvens mier aRebul pasuxismgeblobebs mTeli msoflios winaSe.

Cemi administracia araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar Seexeba dolaris kurss. me am valdebulebis erTguli var.

sifrTxile da keTilgoniereba moiTxoven, agreTve, rom raRac siaxleebi gavataroT imisaTvis, raTa aRmovfxvraT deficiti da Tavidan aviciloT yvelanairi krizisi. ukve didi xania, rac Cveni warmateba msoflio politikaSi metwilad eyrdnoba Cvens gadaxdisunarianobaze dafuZnebul ucxoeTis ndobas. prezidentis brZanebulebebi, sakanonmdeblo damatebebi da Cvens mokavSireebTan TanamSromlobis RonisZiebebi erTdroulad iqnebian mimarTuli Semdegi miznebisaken: Seiqmnas xelsayreli pirobebi aSS-Si ucxouri kapitalis, investiciebisa da ucxoeli turistebis mosazidad; amerikuli saqonlis eqsportis waxalisebisaTvis uzrunvelvyoT fasebis stabiluroba, xelisuflebis mxridan xelsayreli garantiebi da finansuri daxmareba; CavketoT sagadasaxado kanonsa da sabaJo tarifebSi arsebuli xvrelebi, romlebic xels uwyoben kerZo kapitalis uazro gadinebas ucxoeTSi; ekonomikuri urTierTTanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizacisa(OECD) da Crdilo-atlantikuri aliansis(NATO) meSveobiT, aseve sxva gzebiT mivceT saSualeba Cvens mokavSireebs gansazRvruli doziT Seitanon TavianTi wili Tavisufali samyaros yvela erTobliv TavdacviT RonisZiebebsa da ganviTarebadi qveynebis daxmarebasTan dakavSirebul xarjebSi.

amJamindeli deficitis pirobebSi, gagrZeldeba gzebisa da saSualebebis Zieba, raTa SevamciroT Cveni dolaris gadineba ucxoeTSi, magram es ar moxdeba im Cveni jariskacebis ojaxebis xarjze, romlebic qveynis samsaxurSi okeanis gaRma arian gagzavnilebi.

mokled mTlianobaSi: yvelaferi, rac saWiroa, iqneba gakeTebuli, raTa ganvamtkicoT Cveni monapovari ucxoeTSi da mTeli ZaliT vecdebiT, rom dolari darCes iseTive “stabiluri, rogorc dolari”. 

  III

magram mxolod Cvens sagareo vaWrobis balansSi ar aris wonasworoba darRveuli. 1961 wlis moqmed biujetSic namdvilad gveqneba deficiti. 1962 wlisTvisac ukve SemoTavazebuli biujeti mxolod maSin Sesruldeba, rodesac kongresi yvela, saxelmwifo Semosavlebis zrdis xelSemwyob RonisZiebebs mxars dauWers da Tu Cemi mrCevelebis mier navaraudebi prognozebi, ekonomikis swrafi da Zlieri aRmavlobis Sesaxeb, Sesabamisad gamarTldeba maRali saxelmwifo SemosavlebiT. jerjerobiT axal administracias Semosavlebisa da xarjebis Zveli monacemebiT mouwevs xelmZRvaneloba, magram vidre Tavdacvis axali da aucilebeli moTxovnilebebi an ekonomikuri mdgomareobis metad gauareseba Zvel gaTvlebs gadaxazavs, gTxovT mxari dauWiroT programas, romelic damatebiT Semosavlebs mimarTavs biujetis gawonasworebisken.

Cven gavakeTebT imas, rac aucilebelia, radgan Cvens saxelmwifo meurneobaSi bevri amocanaa bolomde misayvani an saerTod ugulebelyofili. Cveni qalaqebi WuWySi iRrCoba. Tormeti welia kongresma miznad daisaxa “Rirseuli bina da Sesabamisi garemo yoveli amerikuli ojaxisaTvis”, Tumca jer kidev 25 milioni amerikeli cxovrobs cud pirobebSi. wleuls dagvWirdeba axali mSeneblobis programa, romelsac uxelmZRvanelebs binaTmSeneblobebisa da didi qalaqebis ganaSenianebis axali saministro.

Cveni skolebis saklaso oTaxebi 2 milion bavSvs itevs. 90 000 maswavlebels arasruli kvalifikacia aqvs, radgan Cveni skolebis niWier kursdamTavrebulTa mesameds finansuri mizezebis gamo ar SeuZliaT TavianTi profesiuli Cvevebis srulyofis gagrZeleba. ormociani wlebis bavSvebis Taobas, romlebic Cvens skolebs avsebdnen, kolejebSi swavlis drom mouwia. aT weliwadSi maTi ricxvi gaormagdeba. amisaTvis Cveni kolejebi cudad arian momzadebulni. gvaklia mecnierebi sabunebismetyvelo Tu teqnikur sferoebSi da maswavleblebi, romlebic Cveni saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis gadaswyvetad gvWirdeba. uyuradRebod aris datovebuli okeanografia, mariliani wylidan mtknari wylis miRebis sakiTxi da fundamenturi kvlevebi, romlebic teqnikuri winsvlis sawindaria. dawyebiTi da saSualo skolebisaTvis daxmarebis sakiTxic malevea mosagvarebeli.

samedicino kvlevebma bevri saswauli aqcies realobad, magram xSirad isini bevrisaTvis araa xelmisawvdomi. amis mizezi zog SemTxvevaSi pacientebis, gansakuTrebiT moxucebis, Semosavlebis simcirea, zogjer ki _ samkurnalo dawesebulebebSi, sawolebisa da eqimebis nakleboba. am welsve unda miviRoT zomebi socialurad daucveli fenebis janmrTelobis dacvisa da am dargis specialistTa raodenobis gazrdis sakiTxebSi.

problemebia sasmeli wyliT momaragebis sferoSic. organizebuli da quCis kriminaliteti Cvens gadamxdelebs mravali milioni dolari ujdebaT, rac saWiroebs kanonebis srulyofasa da axali samarTleblivi garantiebis Seqmnas. Cveni TanamoqalaqeebisTvis rasobrivi niSniT arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebis SezRudva amZimebs Cvens nacionalur TviTSegnebas da iwvevs kritikas msoflio sazogadoebis mxridan, rom Cveni dRevandeli demokratia ar Seesabameba Cvenive istoriul memkvidreobas. arasakmarisia sazogadoebrivi moralis gavlena kerZo biznesze. es da kidev sxva uamravi problema Tu proeqti, romelic am momarTvis CarCoebSi ver Caetia, imsaxurebs yuradRebas kongresisa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mxridan, romelTa umravlesobasac uaxloes or kviraSi Semovitan kongresSi gansaxilvelad.

 IV

yvela am problemas mainc afermkrTalebs Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebi. aravin, vinc prezidentis Tanamdebobas ikavebs, ganurCevlad partiuli kuTvnilebisa, ganurCevlad vaSingtonSi Tavisi manamdeli saqmianobisa, ar unda Sedrkes, iseve rogorc me am pirvel aT dReSi, umZimesi amocanebis winaSe, romlebic momaval oTx weliwadSi erTad unda davZlioT. yoveldRiurad izrdeba krizisebis raodenoba. yoveldRiurad rTuldeba maTi gadawyveta. yoveldRiurad axlovdeba udidesi safrTxis Jami, rodesac kidev ufro met saxelmwifos eqneba birTvuli iaraRi, rac mowinaaRmdegeTa SeiaraRebas gaaZlierebs. mjera, aucilebelia, kongress Sevatyobino Cvens mier bolo aTi dRis manZilze gakeTebuli analizis daskvna, rom yvela mniSvnelovan krizisul regionSi movlenaTa ganviTarebis sadaveebi gagveqca da dro Cvens sasikeTod ar muSaobs.

aziaSi komunisturi CineTi emuqreba usafrTxoebas mTels regionSi, indoeTisa da samxreT vietnamis sazRvrebidan laosis junglebamde, romelic Tavisi axlad mopovebuli damoukideblobisaTvis ibrZvis. laossa da mTels aziaSi Cven arafers ar veZebT imis garda, rasac mTeli msofliosaTvis visurvebT: Tavisufleba adamianebs da damoukidebloba xelisuflebas. Cveni eri mtkiced adgas am miznebisaken mimaval gzas.

afrikaSi samoqalaqo omis, politikuri destabilizaciisa da sazogadoebrivi mRelvarebis gamo mZime gansacdelSia kongo. mzardi daZabulobis, gadauWreli problemebisa da bevri wevri qveynis pasiurobis miuxedavad, Cven momavalSic qmediT daxmarebas gavuwevT gaeros Tavis gmirul saqmianobaSi, mSvidobisa da wesrigis aRdgenis saqmeSi.

laTinur amerikaSi, Cveni sanapirodan sul raRac 90 milSi, kubaSi, komunistebma agentebis meSveobiT gamoiyenes mSvidobiani revolucia TavianTi dasayrdenis Sesaqmnelad. Cven kubas ukeTesi momavlisaken swrafvisaTvis ar vupirispirdebiT, magram movuwodebT gaTavisufldnen ucxo da adgilobrivi Zaladobrivi xelisuflebisagan. kubaSi aucilebelia socialuri da ekonomikuri reformebi. ekonomikur da vaWrobis sakiTxebze molaparakeba yovelTvis SeiZleba, magram es SeuZlebelia maSin, Tu am regionSi Zaladobrivi komunisturi reJimi Seiqmneba.

valdebulni varT megobar respublikebTan erTad vimuSaoT Crdilo da samxreT amerikis yvela msgavsi, Zaladobrivi xelisuflebisagan gasaTavisufleblad. Cveni mizania _ Tavisufali qveynebis naxevarsfero hornis koncxidan CrdiloeT polusamde.

evropaSi, Cvens mokavSireebSi igrZnoba aRWurvilobisa da wesrigis nakleboba.  NATO-s nawilebi saWiroebisamebr ar viTardebian  finansuri siZneleebisa da nacionaluri egoizmis gamo. isini ar axdenen sakuTari resursebis srul mobilizacias da aviTareben sakuTar damoukidebel koncefcias, Tumca warmoudgenelia Crdilo atlantikuri aliansis romelime wevrma martom gadawyvitos mis winaSe mdgari problemebi, romlebic moicavs TavdacviT, ekonomikur, agrarul, savaluto rezervebisa Tu sxva sakiTxebs; Cven yovel maTganTan gvakavSirebs saerTo imedebi da interesebi, yvelaze mZlavri aqtivi, romelic amerikel xalxs gaaCnia.

Cveni udidesi amocanebisa da SesaZleblobebis samyarod rCebian qveynebi, romlebic civi omis miRma dganan. am gzaze Cveni damabrkolebeli, rogorc adre, aris urTierToba sabWoTa kavSirTan da komunistur CineTTan. ar gvaqvs Tavis motyuebisa da imis dajerebis ufleba, rom erTma an meorem gverdze gadades TavianTi ambiciebi msoflio mbrZaneblobaze _ orivem sul cota xnis win kidev ufro naTlad gausves xazi TavianT miznebs. Cveni amocanaa maTi darwmuneba imaSi, rom agresia da gadatrialebis mcdelobebi ar moitans aranair Sedegs am miznebisken mimaval gzaze. sul sxvaa samarTliani da mSvidobiani Sejibri prestiJis, gasaRebis bazrebis, mecnierul-teqnikuri miRwevebisa da Tundac adamianebisaTvis. mxolod maSin meqneba ukeTesi momavlis imedi, Tu Tavisuflebisa da komunizmis brZola adamianTa keTilganwyobis mosapoveblad mSvidobiani meTodebiT warimarTeba.

imisaTvis, rom gavuZloT mravalricxovan safrTxeebs da kargad SevasruloT Cveni roli, rac msoflio scenaze gvakisria, saWiroa Cveni samxedro, ekonomikuri da politikuri instrumentebis mTeli arsenalis gadamowmeba da srulyofa.

amavdroulad, ar SeiZleba erTi sferos xarjze meoris ugulebelyofa. amerikis prezidentis alamze daxatul amerikul arwivs marjvena brWyalebSi zeTisxilis rto ukavia, marcxenaSi _ isrebis kona. Cvenis Rrma rwmeniT, orive maTgans Tanabari yuradReba unda mieqces.

Tavdapirvelad gansamtkicebeli gvaqvs samxedro SeiaraReba. Cven vcxovrobT gauTvaliswinebeli riskebisa da udidesi pasuxismgeblobebis periodSi, sadac samxedro da diplomatiuri saWiroebidan gamodinare Tavisufali msoflios SeiaraRebuli Zalebi imdenad Zlierebi unda iyvnen, rom yovelgvarma agresiam yvelanairi azri dakargos. aqamde es uZnelesi amocana iyo araTanamimdevruli, urTierTwinaaRmdegobrivi samxedro-strategiuli dagegmvis, Cvens realur moTxovnebze araswori warmodgenisa Tu mcdari gaTvlebis, aseve samxedro uwyebebs Soris funqciaTa aRreviT gamowveuli konkurenciisa da Cveni Tavdacvisunarianobis srulyofilebis mcdari Sefasebis gamo.

Tavdacvis ministrs davavale Cveni TavdacviTi strategiis gadamowmeba: Tu ramdenad varT mzad Cvens winaSe mdgari amocanebis Sesasruleblad strategiuli punqtebisa da samxedro-sadazvervo Zalebis ganawilebisa da siZlieris xarisxiT, Cveni samxedro sawarmoebisa da saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis warmadobisa da qmediTunarianobis doniT; gadasaxedia moZvelebuli samxedro bazebisa da teqnikuri aRWurvilobis sakiTxi da bolos, arian ki sakmarisad mobiluri da modernizebuli dRevandeli da momavali safrTxeebisaTvis Cveni konvenciuri, birTvuli samxedro Zalebi Tu saSualebebi. me Tebervlis bolomde moviTxove saswrafo daskvnebi am sakiTxebze da amis Semdeg mogmarTavT Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo, sabiujeto da saaRmasrulebo iniciativebiT, romlebic am daskvnis safuZvelze saWirod warmoCindeba.

manamde, vTxove Tavdacvis ministrs gadadgas dReisaTvis cxadi da aucilebeli sami nabiji:

brZaneba gaveci sahaero gadaadgilebis saSualebebisa da personalis raodenobis gazrdis Sesaxeb. Tu Cven saTanadod gavaumjobesebT am sferos, maSin Cveni konvenciuri SeiaraRebuli Zalebi ukeT iqnebian mzad dedamiwis nebismier wertilSi swrafi da efeqturi reagirebisaTvis. gansakuTrebiT dagvexmareba es yovelive, rom Tavidan avicilioT Cveni SeiaraRebuli Zalebis daqsaqsva msoflios sxvadasxva, erTmaneTisagan didi manZiliT daSorebul regionebSi gagzavnisas.

agreTve davavale zomebis miReba Cveni wyalqveSa navebis mSeneblobis programis dasaCqareblad. sruliad axali, gemTmSeneblobaSi aqamde ucxo masalebis gamoyenebiT(romlebsac Cven ukve vnergavT warmoebaSi, miuxedavad kontraqtebis ararsebobisa, romlebic savaraudod momavali wlis biujetSi iqneba dagegmili), SevZlebT Tavdacvis am mrisxane saSualebis gacilebiT meti raodenobis damzadebas da maT eqspluataciaSi gaSvebas dagegmilze cxra TviT adre. es iqneba floti, romelic pirveli aravis daesxmeba Tavs, magram iqneba sakmarisad aRWurvili(da daculi wylis siRrmis mier), raTa yvelas gauqros Cvens usafrTxoebaze ieriSis motanis survili.

kidev, davavale raketebis mSeneblobis programis daCqareba. vidre Tavdacvis ministri daskvnas moamzadebs, Cven SemovifarglebiT am sferoSi organizaciuli da swori gadawyvetilebebis swrafad miRebis sakiTxebSi gaumjobesebaze muSaobiT, ZviradRirebuli paraleluri struqturebis arsebobiT gamowveuli droisa da finansebis uazro xarjis SemcirebiT, romelic mTels Cvens saraketo programas abrkolebs. Tu mSvidobis SenarCuneba gvsurs, gvWirdeba uZleveli saraketo Zalebi, sakmarisad mZlavri imisaTvis, rom yovel agresors misi Tavdasxmis eSinodes da icodes, rom Tu CvenTvis zianis moyenebas ganizraxavs, TviTonac ganadgurdeba. rogorc ukve vTqvi prezidentis ficis miRebis Semdeg: ”mxolod maSin, roca yovelgvar eWvs iqneba moklebuli Cveni SeiaraRebis siZliere, SegveZleba myarad viyoT darwmunebulebi, rom isini arasodes ar iqnebian gamoyenebuli”.

meore rigSi valdebulni varT, gavaumjobesoT Cveni ekonomikuri instrumentebi. mTeli danarCeni, arakomunisturi msofliosaTvis jansaRi da ayvavebuli ekonomikis aSenebaSi Cven gvakisria mniSvnelovani da ucilobeli roli. unda davexmaroT sxva saxelmwifoebs ekonomikurad imdenad gaZlierebaSi, rom sakuTar problemebs Tavadve gaumklavdnen, daikmayofilon TavianTi moTxovnilebebi da Tavadve aicilon Tavidan mosalodneli safrTxeebi. umZimesi da umagaliToa problemebi, romelTa daZlevac am miznebis misaRwevadaa saWiro. Sesabamisad iseTive mZlavri da Seudarebeli unda iyos Cveni qmedebebi maT gadasawyvetad, rogoric Tavis droze iyo kanoni sesxebisa da ijaris Sesaxeb da marSalis gegma, romelTac SesaniSnavi Sedegebi aCvenes.

vfiqrob, vTxovo kongress imis ufleba momces, rom SevimuSaoT sxva qveynebisa da regionebis saganmanaTleblo, socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyobis axali, qmediTi programa, romlis mixedviTac Cveni mokavSireebis wvlili saerTo miznebisaTvis iqneba efeqturad gamoyenebuli. am programam unda izrunos, aseve, Cveni sxva programebis koordinaciaze, romlebic Zalian xSirad kveTen da ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs, an qsaqsaven Cvens Zalebsa Tu finansur saxsrebs. Zvelisgan gansxvavebiT, axali programa unda iyos: ufro moqnili moklevadiani sagangebo SemTxvevebisaTvis; metad orientirebuli grZelvadian amocanebze; yvela safexurze ganaTlebis donis amaRlebaze mzrunveli; mimRebi qveynebisaTvis mkafio ganmsazRvreli TavianTi rolis, miswrafebebisa da miznebis, sadac isini Tavad izruneben sakuTari mosaxleobis socialur samarTlianobaze, erovnuli dovlaTis Tanabarzomier gadanawilebasa da saxelmwifo saqmeebSi mosaxleobis Tanamonawileobaze, ufro metad warmatebul saxelmwifo mmarTvelobasa da moqnil sagadasaxado sistemaze; da bolos, aqamde arsebuli kosmetikuri RonisZiebebis nacvlad, gansazRvruli saxelmwifoebisa da regionebis marTlzomieri ganviTarebis gegma.

imedi maqvs, rom senati male moaxdens ekonomikuri urTierTTanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis(OECD) Seqmnis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis ratificirebas. es axali organizacia momavalSi Cvens ganviTarebis programaSi Cveni mokavSireebis Tanamonawileobis xelSemwyobi mTavari instrumenti iqneba, im mizniT, rom erT dRes yoveli saxelmwifo sakuTari gadaxdisunarianobidan gamomdinare Tavis wils gaiRebs. vinaidan, Cveni mzadyofnis miuxedavad, Cvens Tavze aviRoT es umZimesi tvirTi, SeuZlebelia da gaumarTlebeli molodini imisa, rom Cven mas marto vzidavT.

megobar respublikebTan erTad samxreTSi SevqmeniT axali “aliansi progresisaTvis” _ “Alianza para progreso”. Cveni mizania Tavisufali da ayvavebuli laTinuri amerika, romelic yvela misi qveynisa da moqalaqisaTvis aqcevs realobad socialur da ekonomikur winsvlas, romlebic maT kulturul memkvidreobas, sulier cxovrebasa da Tavisuflebis wesrigs Seesatyviseba. dRes am mezobluri aliansisaTvis xelis Sewyobis mizniT gTavazobT Semdegi nabijebis gadadgmas:

gamoyos kongresma 500 milioni dolari, rac vivaldebuleT bogotis aqtiT, romelic moemsaxureba ara civi omis warmoebas, aramed Crdilo da samxreT amerikis jansaR ganviTarebas.

sasurvelia, saxelmwifo departamentis xelmZRvanelobiT Seiqmnas yvela sferos warmomadgenlebiT dakompleqtebuli samuSao jgufi, romelic koordinirebas gauwevs amerikis orive kontinentisaTvis gankuTvnil proeqtebs.

Cvenma delegatebma amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizaciaSi(OAS) sxva qveynebis warmomadgenlebTan erTad unda ganamtkicon es organo, rogorc Cveni naxevarsferos yvela kuTxeSi mSvidobis SenarCunebisa da ucxo, Zaladobrivi reJimebis Tavidan acilebis instrumenti.

sxva qveynebTan erTad unda daviwyoT Cvens naxevarsferoSi axali brZola wera-kiTxvis ucodinrobasTan da ganaTlebis sferoSi problemebTan yvela safexurze.

unda ganvavrcoT programa “puri mSvidobisaTvis” laTinuri amerikis qveynebisTvisac, raTa movZebnoT saSualebebi Cveni warmoebuli sakvebi produqciis Warbwarmoebis gamosayeneblad da Cvens naxevarsferoSi SimSilis dasaZlevad.

Cemi administracia mzad aris SeZlebisdagvarad ganavrcos programa “puri mSvidobisaTvis”. WarbwarmoebiT warmoqmnili produqcia Cvens mier SeZlebisdagvarad efeqturad unda iqnas gamoyenebuli, raTa mTels msoflioSi davamarcxoT SimSili da xeli SevuwyoT ekonomikur zrdas. me vTxove am programis xelmZRvanels, SemogvTavazos konkretuli meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SegveZleba zedmeti produqciis gamoyeneba msoflio mSvidobis interesebisaTvis, rogorc magaliTad sakvebi produqtebis internacionaluri maragis SevsebiT.

ufro metad Rirebuli qoneba, romelsac Cveni xalxi flobs, aris pasuxismgeblobiT aRsavse qalTa da mamakacTa rezervi, rogorc umaRles saswavleblebSi, aseve, yvela asakobriv jgufSi, romelTac gamoTqves survili da mzadyofna, sakuTari Zalebi da sicocxlis nawili miuZRvnan ukeTesi msoflio wesrigisaTvis brZolas. Cven SegviZlia am uZvirfasesi qonebis mobilizeba nacionaluri mSvidobis korpusis CamoyalibebiT, sadac imsaxurebs yvela, visac gaaCnia survili da SesaZlebloba, daexmaros ucxo qveynebs kvalificiuri kadrebis deficitis SemTxvevaSi.

Cveni yuradRebis arakomunisturi msoflios ganviTarebaze koncentrirebis miuxedavad, arasodes ar unda dagvaviwydes is, risic Cven kvlav gvjera, rom erT dRes aRdgeba aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis Tavisufleba da keTildReoba. mocemul momentSi am istoriuli erTobis aRdgenisaTvis xelSesawyobad, uaxloes momavalSi mivmarTav kongress, gamifarTovos uflebebi, raTa mqondes am kuTxiT ekonomikuri berketebis gamoyenebis saSualeba Cveni nacionaluri interesebidan gamomdinare. amisaTvis saWiro iqneba, kanonSi(“Mutual-Defense-Assistance-Control”) im cvlilebebis Setana, romelic jer kidev Cemi senatorobis dros warmovadgine da romelsac wina zafxulSi uyara kenWi senatma. am drois ganmavlobaSi minda, gavarkvio poloneTis mTavrobasTan CvenTan gayinuli poloneTis qonebis mSvidobiani miznebisaTvis gamoyenebis sakiTxi, riTac xazs gavusvamT polonel xalxTan mSvidobiani da loialuri urTierTobisaken Cvens swrafvas.

mesame rigSi, unda gavamkacroT Cveni politikuri da diplomatiuri instrumentebi _ TanamSromlobisa da urTierTgagebis saSualebebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SeZlebisdagvarad vayalibebT msoflio wesrigs.

me gadavdgi nabijebi ganiaraRebis sakiTxebSi Cveni miswrafebebis koordinirebasa da gafarToebisaken, samecniero kvlevebisa da saswavlo programebis gaumjobesebisa da Cems mier warmoebuli SeerTebuli Statebis politikis mTavar sakiTxad SeiaraRebaze kontrolis dawesebis sakiTxis wamowevaze. damRupvelad saxifaTo gamalebuli SeiaraReba da udidesi saxsrebi, romelTa gamoyenebac ukeTesi miznebisaTvisaa SesaZlebeli, ukve didi xania gviqmnian dabrkolebebs sxva amocanaTa gadaWris gzaze. Cven Tavidan unda aviciloT am Sejibris ganvrcoba axlad warmoqmnil qveynebze, axal atomur saxelmwifoebsa da kosmosze. unda vizrunoT, rom Cveni warmomadgenlebi molaparakebebze ukeT iyvnen momzadebulni, praqtikulad ganxorcielebadi winadadebebis formulirebaSi daostatebulni da meore mxaris SemoTavazebebis brZnulad gansjis unariT dajildoebulni.

dainteresebul mTavrobebs vTxove, mxari dagviWiron atomuri iaraRis gamocdis akrZalvis Taobaze molaparakebebis TariRis gansazRvruli vadiT gadawevaze. miznad visaxavT, mzdyofnis pirobebSi ganvaaxloT molaparakebebi, raTa movaxdinoT SeTanxmeba yvela im saxelmwifosTan, romelsac qmediTi da ganxorcielebadi xelSekrulebis mxardaWera surs.

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacias, rogorc civi omis dasrulebis instruments, ufro mZlavrad unda amovudgeT mxarSi. ar SeiZleba, rom is iyos arena, sadac civi omis scenebi TamaSdeba. misi mzardi mniSvnelobisa da wevri qveynebis raodenobis gaormagebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gavzrdiT da gavaZlierebT Cvens delegacias gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi, davexmarebiT sakmarisi dafinansebis moZiebaSi da vecdebiT, rom veravin SezRudos generaluri mdivnis Tanamdebobrivi uflebebi.

aqve msurs, gansakuTrebuli TxovniT mivmarTo msoflios mcirericxovan erebs, dagvexmaron am organizaciis gaZlierebis saqmeSi, romelic Cvenze ufro maTi usafrTxoebisaTvisaa mniSvnelovani _ erTaderTi msoflio organizaciis, sadac arc erT ers ar sWirdeba gansakuTrebuli siZliere, raTa Tavi daculad igrZnos, sadac yovel ers Tanabari xmis ufleba aqvs da yoveli maTganis gavlena ara maTi armiis siZlieriT, armed maTi ideebis saSualebiT aris ganpirobebuli. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia yvela Cvenganis mxridan imsaxurebs mxardaWeras.

Cems administracias surs sabolood Seitanos sicxade sakiTxebSi yvela im regionis Sesaxeb, sadac savaraudod SesaZlebelia sabWoTa kavSirTan da sxva qveynebTan TanamSromloba im mizniT, rom “mecniereba saswaulebisaTvis wavaxalisoT da ar davitexoT Tavs is risxva, rac man SesaZlebeli gaxada”. yvela saxelmwifos viwvev, sabWoTa kavSirsac maT Soris, CvenTan erTad amindis prognozis msoflio samsaxuris Sesaqmnel programaze samuSaod, momavalSi satelitebis axali ambebis gadacemebisaTvis gamosayeneblad, axal programaze da SemdgomSi Soreuli planetebis: marsisa da veneras gamokvlevebisaTvis axali, erToblivi saqmianobisaTvis, romelic momavalSi kosmosis saidumloebebis siRrmeebSi SeRwevaSi dagvexmareba.

dRes Cveni qveyana mowinavea kosmosur sferoSi samecniero da teqnikuri kvleviTi samuSaoebis mixedviT, maSin rodesac, sabWoTa kavSirs upiretesoba aqvs dedamiwis garSemo safreni, gansakuTrebiT ki didi safreni aparatebis gaSvebis sferoSi. orive qveynisaTvis, iseve rogorc sxva saxelmwifoebisaTvis, sasargeblo iqneba, Tu gavTavisufldebiT civi omis tkiviliani da Zviri konkurenciis saxsrebisagan. SeerTebuli Statebi mzadaa, sabWoTa kavSirisa da sxva qveynebis mecnierebTan erTad Caataros mZime samuSao, raTa yvelasaTvis gaxdes xelmisawvdomi axali aRmoCenebis codnis nayofi. am kuTxiT, mzad varT yvela am qveyanasTan erTad gavuziaroT axali agrarul-teqnikuri meTodebi SimSilis problemis winaSe mdgar qveynebs, vibrZoloT daavadebebis winaaRmdeg, gavaRrmaoT muSaoba mecnierTa da maTi kvlevebis Sedegebis gacvlisa da urTierTTanamSromlobis kuTxiT, gavuxsnaT Cveni laboratoriebis karebebi sxva qveynis mecnierebs, romelTac TavianTi kvlevebis gagrZelebis saSualeba ara aqvT sakuTar qveynebSi. iq, sadac Cven yvelani bunebrivi mokavSireebi varT, SegviZlia davamtkicoT, rom amas SeuZlia sasargeblo urTierTobebis motana maTTvisac ki, romelTac Cvengan sruliad gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi aqvT. am fundamentze unda aSendes erT dRes msoflio mSvidoba da savaldebulo saerTaSoriso samarTali.

V

me visaubre Cveni erovnuli ekonomikis, sagadasaxado balansis, biujetis, socialuri politikisa da bolos msoflio mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. minda davasrulo aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mimarT zogierTi SeniSvnebiT. mogexsenebaT, Cvens saxelmwifo struqturebSi bevri saxelovani da bejiTi adamiani msaxurobs, magram isini xSirad da gadamwyvet momentebSi saTanadod ver arTmeven Tavs dakisrebul movaleobebs, ibnevian Canafiqrebis, gadawyvetilebebisa da fiqtiur TeoriaTa junglebSi. amis gamoa, rom sul ufro izrdeba Seusabamoba dadgenilebebsa da maT cxovrebaSi danergvas Soris, dagegmarebasa da sinamdviles Soris. Cvens droSi, rodesac situaciebi qveyanaSic da mis farglebs gareTac elviseburi siswrafiT mZimdeba, es xelisuflebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki qveynisaTvisaa zianis momtani da Cveni survilia es Seicvalos.

Cemi da mTavrobaSi Cemi kolegebis valia, mudam wavaxalisoT saerTo keTildReobisaTvis moRvawe Cveni TanamSromlebis iniciativebi da Tavdadeba, gavuRvivoT maT meti pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba. yovelma moxelem, maRal Tu dabal safexurze mdgomma, unda icodes, rom axal administraciaSi adamianis rangi da avtoriteti ganisazRvreba misi SedegianobiT da ara misi xelqveiTebis raodenobiT, samuSao Senobisa Tu xelfasis sididiT. yvelam unda icodes, rom Cvenma axlandelma administraciam icis sawinaaRmdego azrisa da kerZo, Tamami iniciativebis fasi, rom Cven mzad varT jansaRi kamaTisaTvis, romelic aris arajansaRi gamovlinebebisagan Tavis dacvis saSualeba. saxelmwifo samsaxuri unda iyos saamayo da jansaRi profesiuli gza, raTa yovelma maTganma, qalma Tu kacma, romel sferosa Tu safexurzec ar unda moRvaweobdes is, SeZlos momavalSi amayad da Rirseulad Tqvas: “me Cveni xalxisaTvis mZime droSi vemsaxure xelisuflebasa da SeerTebul Statebs”.

radgan mxolod maSin, Tu yvela Cvengani srulad miuZRvnis sakuTar Tavs eris keTildReobas, SevZlebT Cveni qveynis gadarCenas im xifaTian wlebSi, romlebic win gvidevs. Cvens win mdgar problemebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. dinebac xels ar gviwyobs, piriqiT gviSlis. axali ambebis molodinic ufro mZimea, gaumjobeseba araa mosalodneli. amitom, mxolod Cveni rwmeniTa da sikeTisadmi TavdadebiT Tu gavumklavdebiT udides borotebas.

ar SegviZlia mosalodnel safrTxeebs gverdi avuaroT, magram verc panikaSi Cavrdnis an didi amocanebis zedapirulad gadawyvetis uflebas mivcemT sakuTar Tavs. msoflios mraval wertilSi, sadac ZalTa Tanafardoba ukve Cveni mowinaaRmdegis sasargeblod gadaixara, Tavisuflebis Zalebi gaxleCilia. Cveni drois ironiaa, rom sastiki da tiraniuli sistemis meTodebi Tavs imkvidreben monuri discipliniTa da aRmafreniT, maSin rodesac, Tavisuflebis sikeTeebi xSirad adamianebs imis saSualebas aZleven, rom Seiqmnan daumsaxurebeli upiratesobebi, gaxdnen materialistebi da gancxromiT cxovrebas miscen Tavi.

me maqvs sruliad gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba Tavisuflebaze.

cxovreba 1961 wels usiamovno iqneba. mas ver gaxdis sasiamovnos survilebi, gamoTqmebi, verc moTxovnebi. Cveni xomaldi ukusvlas gaagrZelebs, vidre dineba mimarTulebas ar Seicvlis. mimarTuleba ki mas Cven unda SevucvaloT.

mTeli kacobriobis imedebi Cvenzea damyarebuli _ ara mxolod yvela CvenTaganze aq parlamentSi, aramed aseve laosel glexebze, nigeriel meTevzeebze, kubel ltolvilebze, im sulze, romelic yvela im adamiansa da ers gamoacocxlebs, romlebic CvensaviT Tavisuflebisa da bednieri momavlisaken miiswrafian. maTi bolo da udidesi dasayrdeni aris Cveni respublikis yvela moqalaqis siamaye da gambedaoba.

didi prezidentis sityvebiT, romlis dabadebis dResac Cven dRes avRniSnavT, im sityvebiT, romliTac Teqvsmeti wlis win man daasrula Tavisi bolo mimarTva SeerTebuli Statebis mdgomareobaze, “Cven vloculobT, viyoT Rirseulni im usazRvro SesaZleblobebisa, rac RmerTma gviboZa”(franklin ruzvelti).

Ich bin ein Berliner

Ich bin ein Berliner

ჯონ კენედის სიტყვა ბერლინში, შონებერგის რატუშის წინ

26. ივნისი, 1963

Cemo berlinelebo, batonebo da qalbatonebo!

meamayeba, rom dRes Camovedi Tqvens qalaqSi, rogorc Tqveni qalaqis brwyinvale meris stumari, romelsac msoflios yvela kuTxeSi dasavleT berlinis winaaRmdegobisa da mebrZoli sulis simbolod miiCneven. meamayeba, rom am mogzaurobisas germaniis federaciul respublikaSi Tan maxlavs Tqveni brwyinvale batoni kancleri, romelic Tavisi xangrZlivi moRvaweobis manZilze warmarTavda politikur kurss demokratiis, Tavisuflebisa da winsvlis mimarTulebiT. meamayeba, rom Tan maxlavs Cemi amerikeli Tanamemamule, generali klei, romelic aq msaxurobda Tqveni qalaqis mier ganvlili umZimesi krizisis periodSi da romelic, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, mudam mzad aris berlinSi dasabruneblad.

oriaTasi wlis win, yvelaze saamayo winadadeba, romlis warmoTqmac adamians SeeZlo, iyo: me romis moqalaqe var! dRes aseTive siamayis grZnoba aRavsebs yvelas, visac Tavisufal samyaroSi SeuZlia warmoTqvas: “me berlineli var!” Tu arseboben msoflioSi adamianebi, romlebsac ar esmiT an ar surT imis aRiareba, Tu raSi mdgomareobs Tavisufal samyarosa da komunizms Soris dapirispirebis arsi, isini berlinSi unda Camovidnen. arseboben adamianebi, romlebic amboben, momavali komunizms ekuTvnis. isini berlinSi unda Camovidnen! da arseboben sxvani evropasa da msoflios sxva mxareebSi, romlebic amtkiceben, rom SesaZlebelia komunistebTan TanamSromloba. isinic unda CamobrZandnen berlinSi! da kidev, mcire raodenobiT arian iseTebic, romlebic ar uaryofen, rom komunizmi aris boroti da cudi sistema, magram is iZleva ekonomikuri warmatebebis miRwevis saSualebas. modiT, isinic CamoviyvanoT berlinSi!

TavisuflebaSi cxovreba advili ar aris da demokratiac ar aris srulyofili. Tumca Cven arasdros ar dagvWirvebia, agveSenebina kedeli, raTa Cveni xalxi CvenTan Segvekavebina da ar migveca maTTvis sxvagan wasvlis saSualeba. me msurs, SeerTebuli Statebis moqalaqeebis saxeliT, romlebic aqedan mravali aTasi kilometris manZilze, atlantikis meore mxareze cxovroben, giTxraT, Cemi amerikeli Tanamoqalaqeebi Zalzed amayoben, rom am siSoris miuxedavad, TqvenTan erTad gaiziares istoriis es bolo 18 weliwadi. radgan me ar maxsendeba, rom romelime qalaqi 18 wlis manZilze yofiliyos alyaSi da mainc agrZelebdes cxovrebas gautexeli sicocxlisunarianobiT, naTeli imediT, iseTi siZlieriTa da iseTi simtkiciT, rogoriTac dRes dasavleT berlini.

kedeli aris komunisturi sistemis uvargisobis yvelaze sazizRari da naTeli demonstracia. mTeli msoflio xedavs am uZlurebis dadasturebas. Cven es aranairad ar gvixaria, radgan, rogorc Tqvenma amJamindelma qalaqis Tavma brZana, kedeli silis gawvna aris ara mxolod istoriisaTvis, aramed mTeli kacobriobisTvisac. kedelma erTmaneTs daaSora ojaxebi, coli da qmari, Zma da da. Zaladobrivad arian erTmaneTisagan mowyvetili adamianebi, romelTac erTad cxovreba surT.

rac berlinze iTqmis, iTqmis germaniazec: SeuZlebelia evropaSi namdvili mSvidobis damyareba, vidre yovel meoTxe germanels warTmeuli eqneba Tavisufali arCevanis gakeTebis ufleba. germanelTa am Taobam mSvidobisa da gamocdili simtkicis 16 weliwadSi gamoimuSava ufleba, iyos Tavisufali, im uflebis CaTvliT, rom mtkice mSvidobis qveS kvlav moxdes ojaxebisa da eris gaerTianeba yvela adamianis sakeTildReod.

Tqven cxovrobT Tavisuflebis dacul kunZulze, magram Tqveni sicocxle did miwasTan aris dakavSirebuli da amitom, bolos,  me mogiwodebT imisken, rom dRevandeli safrTxeebis miRma mimarToT Tqveni mzera xvalindel imedze, qalaq berlinis Tavisuflebisa da Tqveni qveynis Tavisuflebis iqiT, Tavisuflebis gamarjvebaze mTels msoflioSi, kedlis miRma, mSvidobis samarTlian gamarjvebaze. Tavisufleba ganuyofelia, da Tu erTi mainc aris damonebuli, maSin yvela ar iqneba Tavisufali. magram, rodesac mova dRe, roca yvela Tavisufali iqneba da Tqveni qalaqi da qveyana kvlav gaerTiandeba, roca evropa gaerTiandeba da gaxdebiT mSvidobiani da udidesi imedebis momcemi msoflios nawilis Rirseuli wevri, maSin SegeZlebaT kmayofilebiT gaixsenoT, rom berlinelebi da es qalaqi berlini 20 wlis manZilze akavebdnen frontis wina xazs. yvela Tavisufali adamiani, sadac ar unda cxovrobdes is, aris am qalaqis _ dasavleT berlinis moqalaqe da swored amitom, me, Tavisufali adamiani, amayi var imiT, rom SemiZlia vTqva: Ich bin ein Berliner(me berlineli var)!

25. მაისი, 1961

ჩვენი ბრძოლის არსი
(შემოკლებით)

konstitucia mavaldebulebs, drodadro kongress movaxseno SeerTebuli Statebis mdgomarebis Sesaxeb. imis miuxedavad, rom Cveulebad damkvidrda amis gakeTeba weliwadSi erTxel, gansakuTrebul situaciebSi es tradicia mravaljer dairRva.

dRevandeli dro gansakuTrebulia da Cvenc gansakuTrebuli safrTxis winaSe vdgavarT. Cveni siZliere da mrwamsi akisreben Cvens ers pasuxismgeblobas, Tavis Tavze aiRos wamyvani roli Tavisuflebis idealebisaTvis brZolaSi.

ar yofila istoriaSi amaze metad mZime da ufro mniSvnelovani amocana. Cven Tavisuflebis mxareze vdgavarT. es aris Cveni rwmena Cvenive Tavis winaSe da es aris erTaderTi movaleoba, rac sxvaTa winaSe gvakisria. aravin _ arc megobari, arc neitraluri da arc mteri _ ar unda elodos raime sxvas Cveni mxridan. Cven aravis, arcerTi erisa da sistemis winaaRmdegni ar varT, Tu is Tavisuflebisadmi mtrulad ar aris ganwyobili. arc imisTvis vdgavar aq, rom warmogidginoT axali militaristuli Teoria, romelsac esa Tu is saxeli aqvs, an ama Tu im sferoSi gamoiyeneba. me aq var imisTvis, rom davicva Tavisuflebis interesebi da gamovacxado Tavisuflebis doqtrina.

Tavisuflebis dacvisa da gavrcelebis udidesi brZolis veli dRes aris azia, laTinuri amerika, afrika da axlo aRmosavleTi _ qveynebi, romelTa erebic Tavisuflebisken miiswrafian. maTi revolucia udidesia kacobriobis istoriaSi. isini cdiloben, rom bolo mouRon usamarTlobas, tiraniasa da Cagvras. am dasasrulis Semdeg isini axali dasawyisisken miiltvian.

maT am revolucias Cven mxars davuWerT civi omisagan damoukideblad, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romel, Tavisuflebisken mimaval politikur gzas airCeven isini.

Tavisuflebis mtrebs ar gamouwveviaT es revolucia da arc is pirobebi SeuqmniaT, romlebic motivacias aZlevda am yvelafers. samagierod, isini cdiloben am moZraobis talRebs ayvnen da situacia sakuTari miznebisTvis gamoiyenon.

maTi agresia ufro SeniRbulia, vidre Ria. isini ar isvrian raketebs da maTi jarebic iSviaTad Cndebian, magram isini agzavnian iaraRs, agitatorebs, finansur daxmarebas, teqnikosebsa da propagandistul literaturas yvela cxel wertilSi. sadac ar unda moxdes brZola, isini Cveulebisamebr mxars uWeren mowinaaRmdegeebs, “guerila bandebs”, romlebic Ramis Tavdasxmebs awyoben, sastik martoxela mkvlelebs(vietnamSi am mkvlelebma bolo Tormeti wlis manZilze 4000 samoqalaqo piri gamoasalmes sicocxles), wamqezeblebs, diversantebsa da ajanyebulebs, romlebic damoukidebel saxelmwifoebSi zogjer mTels regionebs akontroleben.

am saSiSi iaraRiT undaT Tavisuflebis mtrebs miaRwion TavianTi teritoriebis gafarToebas, undaT daamsxvrion axalgazrda saxelmwifoTa imedebi, daipyron da sabolood gaanadguron isini. maT gaaCniaT ambicia, jer kidev am aTwleulis bolomde moiyvanon sisruleSi TavianTi gegmebi. es aris Sexedulebebisa da miswrafebebis dapirispireba, ufro metad ki, brZola uxeSi Zalis da Zaladobisa, rogorc adamianTa sulebisa da gonebisaTvis, aseve maTi sicocxlisa da miwebis dapyrobisaTvis. amitomac Cven ar SegviZlia, rom am brZolas gverdidan vuyuroT.

iseve rogorc Cveni istoriis sawyisebidan, Cven mudam viqnebiT yvela eris damoukideblobisa da Tanasworuflebianobis momxre. Cveni yofa revoluciis wiaRSi iSva da TavisuflebaSi ganviTarda. amitomac ar gvsurs, gza gavuxsnaT despotizms.

ar arsebobs erTi, martivi meTodi, romelic am safrTxes Tavidan agvacilebs. istoriam gvaswavla, rom arc erTi saxelmwifo sakmarisad mZlavri da keTilgonieri ar aris imisaTvis, raTa yvela saerTaSoriso problema gadaWras, an sworad marTos msoflioSi arsebuli yvela revoluciuri mimdinareoba; gvaswavla, rom Cveni valdebulebebis gafarToeba yovelTvis ar zrdis Cvens usafrTxoebas; rom yoveli iniciativa Tavis TavSi moicavs droebiTi warumateblobis risks; rom atomuri iaraRs ar SeuZlia Tavidan agvacilos ngreva da gadatrialebebi; rom Tavisufali erebi ver SeinarCuneben Tavisuflebas, sakuTari damoukideblobis dasacavad TavianTi miswrafebisa da energiis gaRebis gareSe; da rom zustad erTnairi ori eri da situacia ar arsebobs...

Cven, amerikel xalxs, gadawyvetili gvaqvs, 1961 wels gavakeToT yvelaferi, rac SegviZlia, raTa ganvamtkicoT Tavisuflebis dRegrZeloba da gamarjveba. mravali xifaTisa da winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, romlebic gvemuqrebian, Cven gvaqvs Zalian mniSvnelovani poziciebi da qmediTi berketebi.

pirveli mdgomareobs im martiv sakiTxSi, rom Cven warmovadgenT Tavisuflebis idealebs da istoriis sawyisebidan, gansakuTrebiT ki meore msoflio omis Semdeg, Tavisuflebam bevri gamarjveba izeima dedamiwis yvela kuTxeSi.

meore aris is, rom Cven marto ara varT. Cven gvyavs megobrebi da mokavSireebi mTels msoflioSi, romlebic Tavisuflebis idealebs iseve afaseben, rogorc Cven. neba miboZeT, rogorc simbolo xangrZlivi drois manZilze gamocdili didi mokavSirisa, romelmac saqmiTac bevrjer dagvimtkica Tavisi megobroba, davasaxelo safrangeTi, romelsac uaxloes momavalSi unda vestumro. me gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas vaniWeb Cems vizits safrangeTSi, molaparakebas dasavleTis qveynebis did winamZRolTan, general de golTan, rogorc mWidro da vrceli konsultaciebis SesaZleblobas, rac waadgeba Cveni qveynebis Zlierebasa da erTobliv miznebs mSvidobisa Tu Tavisuflebis sakiTxebSi mTels msoflioSi. es ar iqneba sxvis dasanaxad Tavis mowoneba Cveni erTsulovnebiT, magram isini gaamyareben Cvens urTierTndobasa da gagebas im grZel gzaze, romelic win gvidevs.

mesame Cveni pozicia aris swrafva mSvidobisaken. es samarTliania da me mjera, rom msofliom es icis. Cven davamtkicebT amas Cveni moTminebiT genuis konferenciis magidasTan, sadac atomuri iaraRis gamocdebis akrZalvaze iqneba saubari da Cven davamtkicebT amas gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi, sadac Cveni Zalisxmeva mimarTulia imisken, rom SevinarCunoT misi funqcia – daicvas mcire saxelmwifoTa damoukidebloba. samwuxarod, am da sxva SemTxvevebSi Cveni mowinaaRmdegeebis reqcia ar aris damaimedebeli.

da mainc, mTavaria maT icodnen, rom Cveni moTmineba molaparakebebis magidasTan TiTqmis amouwuravia da mxolod Cvens gulubryvilobas aqvs sazRvari; rom Cven mtkiced gvwams mSvidobis damyarebis, iseve rogorc mtkicea Cveni gadawyvetileba – ganvamtkicoT sakuTari usafrTxoeba. amis safuZvelze ukve didi xania gadavwyvite pirispir Sevxvde sabWoeTis mTavrobis meTaurs, raTa movaxdinoT azrTa gacvla-gamocvla. amis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs Sexvedra venaSi, sadac megobruli vizitiT migviwvia avstriis xelisuflebam. dRis wesrigi formalurad winaswar ar aris gansazRvruli da arc molaparakebebia dagegmili, magram Cven gvinda naTlad ganvsazRvroT, rom mSvidoba da Tavisufleba amerikis mudmivi zrunvis sagania; rom Cven gvinda rus xalxTan erTad harmoniaSi vicxovroT; ar veswrafiT sxva erebis dapyrobas, Cvens satelitebad gadaqcevasa da maTi simdidris miTvisebas; rom Cven im dReze vocnebobT, rodesac “arcerTi eri aRar aRmarTavs maxvils meoris winaaRmdeg da aRaravin aRar gamocdis omis saSinelebas”.

da bolos, am garemoebebidan gamomdinare, CvenTvis yvelaze aqtualuria Tavad amerikeli xalxi – misi mzadyofna, gadaixados am yvelafris safasuri; gaigos, ratom iqneba es brZola xangrZlivi da ratom ar unda averidoT mas; gaunawilos Tavisi didi SesaZleblobebi bednierebisagan naklebad ganebivrebul erebs; gadaixados sakmarisi gadasaxadebi da amoavsos, rogorc me viTxov, sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi arsebuli xvrelebi; fasebisa da xelfasebis gazrdis nacvlad, ufro momWirned icxovros; ar awarmoos garkveuli sasoflo sameurneo produqtebi didi gadaWarbebiT; ar gasces samxedro saidumloebebi; ar moiTxovos usargeblo xarjebi, ar moindomos ukanono monopolia da didi zianis momtani gaficvebi; vemsaxuroT Cvens qveyanas mSvidobis korpusSi, SeiaraRebul ZalebSi, federalur mmarTvelobasa Tu kongresSi; movTxovoT sakuTar Tavsac da bavSvebsac maRali Sedegebi skolebSi, qalaqebis mmarTvelobasa Tu sportSi; monawileoba miviRoT sahaero TavdacvaSi; gadavixadoT maRali safosto Tu socialuri gadasaxadebi Cveni maswavleblebis maRali xelfasebisaTvis da amiT gavuwioT samsaxuri Cvens saxelmwifo sistemas; ucxoel turistebsa da studentebs, romlebic samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg xSir SemTxvevebSi wamyvan adgilebs ikaveben, gavuwioT keTili maspinZloba, raTa maT wahyveT – aseTia Cemi da mjera Tqveni azric – sasiamovno da pozitiuri mogonebebi Cvens qveyanaze; da bolos, mTels qveyanaSi, yovel StatSi da nebismieri rasis adamianebTan vicxovroT WeSmariti demokrati moqalaqeebiviT, pativi vceT erTmaneTs da davicvaT yoveli moqalaqis kanoniT miniWebuli uflebebi.

Cems mier TqvenTvis dasamtkiceblad warmodgenili arc erTi programa ar uqmnida arc erT amerikels uxerxulobas, ar umZimebda cxovrebas da ar moiTxovda maTgan msxverpls. amerikeli xalxi fexs uwyobda Cems moTxovnebs. Tqvenc, aq kongresSi, pirnaTlad asrulebdiT Tqvens movaleobebs da me mjera, rom dResac uSedegod ar mogmarTavT TxovniT, mxari aubaT axal da ufro did gamowvevebs.